#935 - Rolling Square
A square of side length \(b<1\) is rolling around the inside of a larger square of side length \(1\), always touching the larger square but without sliding.
Initially the two squares share a common corner. At each step, the small square rotates clockwise about a corner that touches the large square, until another of its corners touches the large square. Here is an illustration of the first three steps for \(b = \frac5{13}\).
For some values of \(b\), the small square may return to its initial position after several steps. For example, when \(b = \frac12\), this happens in \(4\) steps; and for \(b = \frac5{13}\) it happens in \(24\) steps.
Let \(F(N)\) be the number of different values of \(b\) for which the small square first returns to its initial position within at most \(N\) steps. For example, \(F(6) = 4\), with the corresponding \(b\) values:
\[\frac12,\quad 2 - \sqrt 2,\quad 2 + \sqrt 2 - \sqrt{2 + 4\sqrt2},\quad 8 - 5\sqrt2 + 4\sqrt3 - 3\sqrt6,\]
the first three in \(4\) steps and the last one in \(6\) steps. Note that it does not matter whether the small square returns to its original orientation.
Also \(F(100) = 805\).
Find \(F(10^8)\).
Problem text © Project Euler, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. Original: projecteuler.net/problem=935. Published Sunday, 9th March 2025, 01:00 am. Solved by 131 members at time of mirroring.
Why this is useful
Optimization. The transferable skill is replacing infeasible enumeration with a mathematical reduction - the core move in calibration and large-scale computation (Phases 10, 13).
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Prerequisites
Lessons that prepare you:
19.14 Computational Complexity, Feasibility Estimation, and Proving Algorithms Correct · 19.10 Search: Backtracking, Branch-and-Bound, Binary Search, Meet-in-the-Middle · 3.1 Vectors, Multivariable Functions, and Level Sets
Recommended stepping-stone problems: #210 · #456 · #904
Concepts: geometry brute-force-reduction
Learning mode
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Understand the problem
- What exactly is the input to problem 935? Is it a bound (10^8), a supplied dataset, or a definition you must generate from?
- What is the required output - restate it precisely: a single exact integer.
- Which objects exactly are in scope, and which are excluded by the wording (strict vs non-strict inequality, 'distinct', 'proper', 'below' vs 'up to')?
- What do the arguments of F(N), F(6) mean, and what is the value's type (count, sum, probability)?
- What are the edge cases: the smallest legal object, zero/one, ties, and the boundary at exactly 10^8?
- Why is brute force hard HERE specifically? Estimate the number of candidates implied by 10^8 and the cost of testing one.
- Which geometry fact would, if true, collapse the search - and can you state it as a testable claim before you look for a proof?
Predict & plan (before you code)
- Predict the strategy: in one sentence, what will your solution do? (The classification says geometry - do you agree, and why?)
- Predict the complexity of your intended method in terms of N = 10^8, and the wall-clock time you expect. Write both down now.
- Predict the key data structure: what is stored, keyed by what, and how large will it get at full scale?
- Predict the failure mode: what is most likely to break - an off-by-one on the bound, a definition misread, precision, or memory?
- Predict the output of the small case from rung 3 BEFORE running it (the statement says: "For example, when b = frac 12, this happens in 4 steps; and for b = frac 513 it happens in 24 steps.") - then run it. A surprise here is worth more than an hour of debugging later.
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Optimization
You have a correct answer. That is the start of the learning, not the end.
- Reduce the time complexity. What is the bottleneck, and what mathematical fact removes it?
- Reduce memory. Can you stream, or keep only the last k states?
- Replace brute force with a closed form, a sieve, a recurrence, or a symmetry argument.
- Prove the optimized version computes the same thing.
- Compare two implementations and time them.
Explain it
Which step of your solution were you least confident about, and what evidence would settle it?
What did you try first, and what specifically made you abandon it - a proof, a timing, or a wrong small-case answer?
Where did the geometry structure do the real work? Name the single observation that collapsed the search space.
Could you have reached the geometry idea faster? Which words in the statement were pointing at it, and did you notice them?
What was the bug that cost you the most time, and what CLASS of bug was it (off-by-one, definition misread, precision, state under-specified)?
How would your solution change if the bound 10^8 were multiplied by 1000? Does it survive, or does it need a different idea?
What is the honest complexity of what you wrote (not what you intended), and where is the remaining slack?
Which problem you have already solved is this most similar to, and what is the shared skeleton - is it really 'geometry' underneath?
State the transferable technique in one sentence, without mentioning this problem's story at all.
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Mastery check
- Variation: change the bound (or a rule) in the statement. Does your method still work? What breaks first?
- Constraints: if the limit were 10× larger, which step fails, and what would you replace it with?
- Related problem: #210 · #456 · #904
- Transfer: where else does this technique appear? Name a lesson and a real computational setting.
- Spaced re-attempt: come back after the review interval and re-solve it with no hints.