#982 - The Third Dice
Alice and Bob play the following game with two six-sided dice (numbered \(1\) to \(6\)):
- Alice rolls both dice; she can see the rolled values but Bob cannot
- Alice chooses one of the dice and reveals it to Bob
- Bob chooses one of the dice: either the one he can see, or the one he cannot
- Alice pays Bob the value shown on Bob's chosen dice
Each player devises a (possibly non-deterministic) strategy. An example strategy for each player could be:
- Alice chooses to reveal the dice with value closest to \(3.5\), or if both are equidistant she chooses randomly with equal probability
- Bob chooses the revealed dice if its value is at least \(4\); otherwise he chooses the hidden dice
In fact, these two strategies together form a Nash equilibrium. That is, given that Bob is using his strategy, Alice's strategy minimises the expected payment; and given that Alice is using her strategy, Bob's strategy maximises the expected payment.
With these strategies the expected payment from Alice to Bob is \(\frac{145}{36}\approx 4.027778\).
To make the game more interesting, they introduce a third (six-sided) dice:
- Alice rolls three dice; she can see the rolled values but Bob cannot
- Alice chooses two of the dice and reveals both to Bob
- Bob chooses one of the three dice: either one of the two visible dice, or the one hidden dice
- Alice pays Bob the value shown on Bob's chosen dice
Supposing they settle on a pair of strategies that form a Nash equilibrium, find the expected payment from Alice to Bob, and give your answer rounded to six digits after the decimal point.
Problem text © Project Euler, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. Original: projecteuler.net/problem=982. Published Saturday, 31st January 2026, 01:00 pm. Solved by 144 members at time of mirroring.
Why this is useful
Probability Statistics. Expectation and state-based probability reasoning underpin pricing, risk, and statistical inference (Phases 7, 11, 13).
We classify relevance honestly - not every Euler problem is a trading application.
Prerequisites
Lessons that prepare you:
10.4 Algorithms: Gradient Descent and Newton's Method · 10.1 Convex Sets and Convex Functions · 13.2 Monte Carlo Estimation and Error Analysis · 19.14 Computational Complexity, Feasibility Estimation, and Proving Algorithms Correct · 19.7 Dynamic Programming: Memoization and Tabulation · 19.4 Exact Arithmetic: Big Integers, Rationals, and Floating-Point Traps · 2.4 Taylor Series and Local Approximation · 5.1 Floating-Point Arithmetic, Conditioning, and Stability · 7.3 Independence, Conditional Probability, and Conditional Expectation · 7.2 Expectation, Moments, and Key Inequalities · 7.1 Probability Spaces, Random Variables, and Distributions
Recommended stepping-stone problems: #882 · #325 · #661
Concepts: game-theory numerical-methods optimization probability brute-force-reduction
Learning mode
Pick how much scaffolding you want. Your choice is remembered per problem.
Understand the problem
- What exactly is the input to problem 982? Is it a bound (14536), a supplied dataset, or a definition you must generate from?
- What is the required output - restate it precisely: a real number quoted to a stated precision, so the whole computation must control rounding error. Required format: give your answer rounded to six digits after the decimal point.
- Which objects exactly are in scope, and which are excluded by the wording (strict vs non-strict inequality, 'distinct', 'proper', 'below' vs 'up to')?
- What constraint does the bound 14536 impose, and is it inclusive or exclusive?
- What are the edge cases: the smallest legal object, zero/one, ties, and the boundary at exactly 14536?
- Why is brute force hard HERE specifically? Estimate the number of candidates implied by 14536 and the cost of testing one.
- Which game-theory fact would, if true, collapse the search - and can you state it as a testable claim before you look for a proof?
Predict & plan (before you code)
- Predict the strategy: in one sentence, what will your solution do? (The classification says game-theory - do you agree, and why?)
- Predict the complexity of your intended method in terms of N = 14536, and the wall-clock time you expect. Write both down now.
- Predict the key data structure: what is stored, keyed by what, and how large will it get at full scale?
- Predict the failure mode: what is most likely to break - an off-by-one on the bound, a definition misread, precision, or memory?
- Predict the output of the small case from rung 3 BEFORE running it - then run it. A surprise here is worth more than an hour of debugging later.
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Progressive hints
Optimization
You have a correct answer. That is the start of the learning, not the end.
- Reduce the time complexity. What is the bottleneck, and what mathematical fact removes it?
- Reduce memory. Can you stream, or keep only the last k states?
- Replace brute force with a closed form, a sieve, a recurrence, or a symmetry argument.
- Prove the optimized version computes the same thing.
- Compare two implementations and time them.
Explain it
Which step of your solution were you least confident about, and what evidence would settle it?
What did you try first, and what specifically made you abandon it - a proof, a timing, or a wrong small-case answer?
Where did the game-theory structure do the real work? Name the single observation that collapsed the search space.
Could you have reached the game-theory idea faster? Which words in the statement were pointing at it, and did you notice them?
What was the bug that cost you the most time, and what CLASS of bug was it (off-by-one, definition misread, precision, state under-specified)?
How would your solution change if the bound 14536 were multiplied by 1000? Does it survive, or does it need a different idea?
What is the honest complexity of what you wrote (not what you intended), and where is the remaining slack?
Which problem you have already solved is this most similar to, and what is the shared skeleton - is it really 'game-theory' underneath?
State the transferable technique in one sentence, without mentioning this problem's story at all.
Self-assess (mastery is not a correct number)
You reach Mastered only when you have solved it, rated yourself at least Solid across the dimensions, and written a real explanation.
Confidence
Low confidence schedules this problem for spaced review, even if you solved it.
Mastery check
- Variation: change the bound (or a rule) in the statement. Does your method still work? What breaks first?
- Constraints: if the limit were 10× larger, which step fails, and what would you replace it with?
- Related problem: #882 · #325 · #661
- Transfer: where else does this technique appear? Name a lesson and a real computational setting.
- Spaced re-attempt: come back after the review interval and re-solve it with no hints.